Mushroom Cultivation

MUSHROOM

   Mushroom are fleshy spore bearing fruiting bodies, growing from the hyphae of fungi in the soil, wood or on its food source and typically takes the form of a domed cap on a stalk with gills on the underside of the cap(pileus).Mushroom is the multicellular saprophytic( depends on decaying organic matter) 

• Morphology of Mushroom

The body/morphology of mushroom contains two major parts…

1.Mycelium(vegetative part)

2.Fruiting body(reproductive part)/basidiocarp

ØMycelium: Mycelium is the underground vegetative part of mushroom which consists of mass of branched hyphae. It absorbs food material from organic matter from where it grows. 

qPrimordium- Mushroom develops from a nodule or a pinhead less than.2mm in diameter near surface of substrate is called primordium.

ØFruiting body: The main body of the mushroom above the ground is called the fruiting body. It contains various parts like

qVolva(cup)- The universal veil ruptures and may remain as a cup or volva at the base of stalk.

qStipe(Stalk)- may be at center off centre, gives support to the pileus(cap).

qAnnulus- Remnant of partial veil that remain as ring around the middle of stalk or as fragments hanging from margin.

qGills- They are structure undersurface of pileus. It contains basidiospores. From gills basidiocarp grows.

qPileus(cap)- Umbrella like structure that protects growing basidiospores(inside gills).

qSpores-most important microscopic feature for identification of mushroom is spores. Spores often has protrusion at one end called apiculus, which is the part of attachment of basidium(germ pore) from which hyphae emerges when spore germinates.  

•     Importance and Nutritional value of mushroom

uNowadays wide assortment of mushroom is eaten around the world.

uMushroom science has the potential to solve many problems such as quality food demand, environmental pollutions, unemployment and ecological issues.

uMushroom play significant role in forest ecology as they help decompose dead plants and animals, including dead trees, branches and leaves.

uFrom cultivation point of view it improves the socio-economy of the farming community through additional revenue by utilizing farm wastes.

uIt is convenient for the grower as it involves small initial investment, can be grown in small space and can get production throughout the year round also It uses agricultural waste as substrate.

u Also mushrooms can be consumed by all age groups.

The health and nutrional value of mushroom includes:-

üMushroom provide antioxidants tahr helps to leave longer healthier life.

üImproves Digestion – They are prebiotic hence nourish good bacteria in your gut.

üThey have cancer fighting powers as they contain protein lecithin.

üFor Heart health- The fiber, potassium and Vit C helps cardiovascular health.

•The Nutrional value includes:-

Ø They are Fat free                                                                                                       

ØSodium free                                              

ØCholesterol free

ØGluten free                                         

ØRich in B complex vitamins like

•Riboflavin

•Niacin

•Pantothenic acid

vIn 100g Mushroom ….

•Calories- 22

•Total Fat- 0.3g

•Protein – 3.1 g

•Potassium- 318 g

•Dietary fibre-1 g

Procedure for preparation of Mother spawn, Master spawn and Commercial spawn(PDA,slants and transfer)

uThe word spawn in mushroom means the planting material, which consists of the vegetative body(mycelium) and its substrate like seeds.

uThe Following are the steps in spawn production:-

i. PDA media preparation

ii.Raising of Pure culture(Tissue culture)

iii.Substrate preparation(Grain substrate)

iv.Preparation of master culture/Mother spawn

v.Multiplication of spawn(Commercial spawn)

ØPDA media preparation:-

uWash 250g potato, peel off the skin and slice them in small pieces

uCook sliced potato in 500ml water for 30 min in open vessel

•Simultaneously mix 20g of agar with 500ml of water and boil for 30 min

•Collect the Potato extract by filter through muslin cloth

•Add 20g dextrose in potato extract

•Mix thoroughly the molten agar with potato dextrose mixture and make volume 1l with distilled water

•Check PH of the medium using PH papers

•Pour the mixture in sterilized Petridishes

oFor Slants preparation:- Pour the media in sterilized tubes @15ml/tube and plug with non absorbent cotton wool.

•Arrange the tubes in wire basket, cover it with paper sheet and tie tightly cotton thread.

•Sterilize them in autoclave at 15lbs pressure,121 Deg Celsius for 20 min.

•Take out the sterilized tubes after releasing the steam and keep them in slanting position to get agar slants.

•After solidifying the tubes are arranged in a wire basket and stored in a clean room for further use

ØRaising of Pure Culture(Tissue Culture):-In Tissue culture a well grown mushroom with membrane covering the gills is selected and from which a small bit of tissue of mushroom from portion joining the stipe and cap is cut and taken using forceps and inoculated on PDA media slants or petridishes under aseptic conditions in Laminar air flow. The mycelium covers the entire media in week and the culture becomes ready for further transfer.

ØSubstrate Preparation:-

•Select good quality jowar ,wheat and Rice grains free from pests and moulds.

•Boil the grains in clean water for 20-30 min. When the grains become soft, remove and spread evenly on a cotton cloth to drain out the water and cool the grains.

•At 50% moisture level mix calcium carbonate(CaCO3) thoroughly with the dried grains@20-30g/Kg.

Fill 250g of grain in cleaned and dried bottles or polypropylene bags and plug the mouth of bottle tightly 

ØPreparation of Mother Spawn:-

•Transfer the bit of mycelium strands grown on media slants to the substrate bottles under

aseptic conditions in inoculation chamber.

•Let the grains be fully covered by mycelium.

ØMultiplication of Mother/Master spawn(Commercial spawn):-

•Always use well grown mother spawn(18-20 days old). Stir the spawn using sterilized forceps to

get the individual grains with fungal growth.

•Transfer the Few grains with mycelial growth in sterilized substrate bottles under aseptic

conditions in Laminar air flow under UV Light and plug with cotton and cover it with paper.

•Shift the inoculated bottles to spawn running room having temp 25-30 c.

•Within 20-25 days of inoculation mycelial growth covers entire substrate and spawn is ready for

use.

Procedure of Cultivation of Oyster, Paddy straw and Button mushroom 

Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom( Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajorcaju)

•Select good quality paddy straw (dry and without dirt) and cut the straw in small pieces 4inches into excluding grain part).

•Put the straw in gunny bags(4.5 kg) in each bag

                                                                                  

•Give treatments to the straw: Chemical treatment=100l of water in drum+100ml formalin(1%)+2% Carbendazim or 50g+ Dip the treated gunny bags with straw in drum and next day drain it.

•Hot water treatment: Autoclave the gunny bags for 20-25 min or pour boiling water on the gunny bags in the drum and keep for 1hr.Then let it drain by putting weight on it.

     

•Spread the treated straw on big cloth and let it dry in the sun partially(80%) moisture.Till you don feel water when you squeeze the straw by hand

 

•Take a polythene bag dip in Dettol water tie with rubber band.

•Weigh 2kg of paddy straw/bag and take 80g of weighed mushroom spawn

                                                                                                            

•Spread the layer of straw in the bag , then add spawn along the corner layer wise and seal it with cotton swab and rubber

  

•Spread glyricidia leaves along the bags to avoid rats and insects. Also check trichoderma growth and spray fungicides on it

                                                                                                         

•After 20-25 days the fungi mycelium fully covers the bag and we see fruiting bodies, Open the bag

                           

•Keep the open beds on stand ,spread glyricidia leaves and spray water at definite intervals for maintain moisture

 

•After few days small pinheads will appear and then mushroom grows. Harvest the mushrooms when it attains definite size   

Cultivation of Paddy straw mushroom(Volvaraeilla  volvaceae)

•Select disease free paddy straw and cut it into 15-20cm length.

               

•Prepare 32 bundles of appropriate length and uniform width

  

•Put the bundles in gunny bag and soak in drum filled with 100l water containing 1% formalin and 2% carbendazim

                                                                                                         

•Place the bundles on raised wooden rack or bamboo platform and drain excess water

                                                                   

•Prepare bed by placing 4 bundles side by side and another four bundles similarly but from opposite end forming 1st layer of eight bundles

                                                                                                        

•Spawning on entire surface of layers leaving uniform space from margins

     

•Form 2nd ,3rd, and 4th layer by intermittent spawning between the layers

     

•Press the bed from top to make it compact and cover it with clean plastic sheet 

•Remove the plastic sheet after 7-8 days of spawning and maintain temp 28-32 c and relative humidity 80%

 

•Mushrooms will start appearing 7-10 days after removal of sheet and will continue for next 20 days

                                                                                                      

 • Harvest the Mushroom and substrate can be used for manure in field                                                                                                        

Cultivation of Button Mushroom(Agaricus Bisporus)

The whole process of button mushroom production can be divided into following steps

i.Spawn production

ii.Compost preparation

iii.Spawn running

iv.Casing

v.Fruiting

qSpawn Production :- Spawn is produced from the fruiting culture/stocks of selected strains of mushroom under sterile conditions or import from foreign labs

                                                                                 

qCompost Preparation:-Substrate on which button mushroom grows are mainly cereal straw/Sugarcane bagasse. Select the substrate properly. Supply NPK ( RATIO 33:10:25)

• Short method of composting (1st phase=Turning)-Straw is placed in layers and water is added along with fertilizers, molasses. Mix thoroughly and prepare stack of definite height and width.

                            2nd day-Turning and add water

                            4th day- Turning and add gypsum

                            12th day-Final turning when compost changes to dark brown color and smell Of

                 NH3

(2nd Phase=Sterilization)-The compost prepared by microbe mediated fermentation process needs to be sterilized to convert ammonia into microbial protein. This process is carried out in steaming room where air temperature is maintained. Granular compost is obtained of PH 7.5, moisture content 70% and free from ammonia and nematodes.

Long method of composting-It is just done by giving continuous turning on specific days. It is practiced in areas where facilities for steam sterilization is not available.

qSpawning(Mixing of spawn)-

a)Spot spawning-Lumps of spawn are put in 5cm deep holes at distance 20-25cm and later covered with compost

b)Layer spawning- About 3-4 layers of spawn mixed with compost is prepared and covered with thin layer of compost(Quantity 500-750g/100kg of compost)

c)Surface spawning-Evenly spread at top layer, then mixed and add thin layer of compost

    

qSpawn Running:-The compost is filled in polythene bags and either covered with newspaper sheet or polythene.The fungal bodies grow(12-14 days) to colonise.Definite temp,humidity and CO2 Level is maintained

  

qCasing:-Compost bed after complete spawn run should be covered with a layer of soil and cocopeat having thickness 3-4cm(ratio4:1).Soil should be pasteurized before used.

   

qFruiting:- Under favorable environmental conditions viz. temp( initially 23 c then 16-18 c),moisture, humidity ,CO2 Level, Fruiting bodies initiates which appear in the form of pin heads start growing and gradually develop into button stage

                                                                                                         

qHarvesting:- At button stage caps( 2.5 -4 cm ) across and closed.1st Harvest about 3 weeks after casing .